The goal of this work is to develop models of varying granularity that support a managers decisionmaking needs at a variety of levels. As the name suggest, loc count the total number of lines of source code. Costrelated interface for software product lines sciencedirect. Cost models are necessary economic tools that can help you estimate current and future costs associated with your daily operations. The code size can be estimated by previous projects, by converting function or object points to code size, by using a reference component to estimate the component size, etc.
Allows simulation of all the hours in a year, not just peak hour as in power flow models. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model. Zoom rooms is the original softwarebased conference room solution used around the world in board, conference, huddle, and training rooms, as well as executive offices and classrooms. You can use this calculator to price orders that include complex markups or product discounts, and to create detailed invoices. Software product line an overview sciencedirect topics. Modeldriven engineering for software product lines hindawi. Introduction to cost modeling, template overview for. Integrated cost model for product line engineering income the. Software cost estimation is a continuing activity which starts at the proposal stage and continues through the lift time of a project.
Most software product line cost estimation models are calibrated only to local product line data rather than to a broad range of product lines. Boehm proposed cocomo constructive cost estimation model in 1981. Berry boehm in 1981 and thats why it is also known as cocomo81. The objective is to provide a guideline to establish a pricing structure for viope solutions oy. Offer highly secure, flexible access switches for deployments outside the wiring closet. Pdf a software cost estimation model for product line. Other problems are created by the nature of the estimating methodologies.
Your pricing strategy is not just your pricing page. It is a procedural cost estimate model for software projects and often used as a process of reliably predicting the various parameters associated with making a. Saas pricing models to help software vendors to define the best pricing for their product. The costing approach for these models can be either topdown or bottomup. Modeling variability in the context of software productlines has been around for. Software product lines elearning software product lines. Product engineers are designing, developing, and taking products to market at a dizzying rate today, and thats due in part to the advancements in software tools over the past few years. Establishing a pricing structure for software products. Cocomo constructive cost model is a regression model based on loc, i. Unit cost model adopts many costing methods as detailed below and would result in the benefits indicated. A product line manager who masters and internalizes the cost and expense structures impacting his product lines will be in a great position to make improvements.
In this paper, we propose a software cost estimation model for product line engineering socoemople. Request pdf a software cost estimation model for a product line engineering approach. The software engineering institute lists the following benefits associated. For example, if you are opening a restaurant, your cost models will consist of your food, supplies, and personnel costs that make it possible to run your business. Cost is a function of the value of inputs required for the desired output. The number of lines of source code in software is the basic software metric used in many algorithmic cost models. Intermediate cocomo computes software development effort as function of program size and a set of cost drivers that include subjective assessment of product, hardware, personnel and project attributes. A comparative survey of economic models for software product lines. The major cost estimation models are nonalgorithmic models such as analogy costing, expert judgment using delphi and other techniques, parkinsons model, pricetowin model, and algorithmic models such as cocomo. Most of them find it highly complex and time consuming.
A software cost estimation model for a product line. Productproduct line profitability modeling, part1 quest t. A software project is the complete procedure of software development from requirement gathering to testing and maintenance, carried out according to the execution methodologies, in a specified period of time to achieve intended software product. In this paper we present a firstorder cost model that describes the costs associated with developing products in a product line organization. Teamcenter product costing also provides the ability for data exchange between erp and product lifecycle management plm. Establishing a pricing structure for software products year 20 pages 40 this thesis is a case study that explores how to establish a pricing structure for software products. The main difference from normal, oneofakind software development, is a logical separation between the development of core, reusable software assets the platform, and actual applications. This cost extension is used to represent the cost of producing a products in variability models. Cisco network products for enterprise and small business. The comprehensive portfolio of cisco routers simplifies how to create a. It helps the project manager to further predict the effort and time which will be needed to build the project. Increased insight into cost variation and drivers of inefficiency in the operating room setting.
Besides the initial decision to use a product line approach other strategic decisions are made, including which variations to. Product cost management begins as early as the conceptualization and design stage in the product life cycle plc. Allows us to look at the net energy price effects through lmps and its components. This template helps sales professionals calculate the price of bulk orders. Software engineering project size estimation techniques. A software product line is a set of softwarereliant systems that share a common, managed set of features satisfying a particular market or mission area, and are built from a common set of core assets in a prescribed way. Product lines have been applied to other engineering fields for decades, while being quite recently introduced in software engineering. Where, kloc is the estimated size of the software product expressed in kilo lines of code, a, a, b, b are constants for each category of software products, 1 2 1 2. The model addresses a number of issues that we present as a set of scenarios. Organizations often shy away at the mention of cost modeling. Cocomo stands for constructive cost model, it is a software cost estimation model that was first published in 1981 by barry bohem bohem, 2001. A software product line is a strategic investment for an organization.
But product line simulation doesnt exist solely within. Owing to globalization, companies have started to realize the benefits of a data. When a company has many product lines and groups them together, it creates a product mix. Software product line engineering has proven to be the paradigm for developing a diversity of software products and software intensive systems in shorter time, at lower cost, and with higher quality. Cocomo predicts the efforts and schedule of a software product based on the size of the software. Estimation of the size of software is an essential part of software project management. Product line engineering ple is important because of remarkable efficiencies it has shown in the engineering process.
Through its analytics platform and bestofbreed, abc models, upmc is improving quality and safety, reducing costs, and increasing value across service lines. A cost model for software product lines request pdf. A cost model for software product lines springerlink. Managers are accustomed to make decisions based on instincts and intuitions which more often not wreaks havoc. A software product line life cycle cost estimation model ieee xplore. Collins dictionary has the following definition of the term. This approach is based on a detailed product structure and defines the use of materials and the process costs. Software product line engineering with feature models. This extension considers a set of four cost drivers, each with a number of subsidiary attributes.
Other companies can also charge for installation, maintenance, training, customization, and consulting services. Tdev is the estimated time to develop the software, expressed in months, effort is the total effort required to develop the software product, expressed in. Analysis strategies for software product lines 3 we refer the reader to a recent survey benavides et al. The strategic and technical benefits delivered by ple are impacting the way companies build, deliver, evolve, and compete with their product lines.
It is a method for evaluating the cost of a software package. Many software vendors still believe that their pricing strategy begins and ends with the pricing page they developed on. About 70% of product cost commitment decisions happen during these initial phases and the rest being decided by the time the product gets into manufacturing. A product line is a group of related products produced by one manufacturer. Should cost model should cost analysis for projects. Get an initial estimate of the development effort from evaluation of thousands of delivered lines. Download scientific diagram integrated cost model for product line engineering. Some of the unique aspects of software estimating are driven by the nature of software as a product. A costbased approach to software product line management.
Dealing with cost estimation in software product lines. Software product line engineering is an approach to cost efficiently derive tailored products to markets and customers, utilizing common components and services in a planned manner. Software project estimation 101 the four basic steps in software project estimation are. The comparison of the software cost estimating methods. For example there are many reasons why two products could have the identical unit price and standard cost, the same annual revenue and yet markedly different real profitabilities. Pricing methods and models in excel instant downloads. Enables the simulation of the market on a forecast basis allows us to look at all control areas simultaneously. It is an algorithmic approach to estimating the cost of a software project. Supporting tool and uml modeling the product line engineering approaches ple to software development are.
Software product line engineering aims at achieving systematic reuse by exploiting commonalities among related products in order to reduce cost and timeto. Kloc is the estimated size of the software product expressed in kilo lines of. Scale to meet the needs of networks of all sizes with highly secure, reliable cisco switching solutions. This pricing model is common for open source software, such as red hat linux, where the product is available for free download, but customers pay subscription fees if they want technical support. Seer for software provides a systematic approach for estimating the resources and scheduling that software development and maintenance projects require. Introduction to cost modeling, template overview for performers arpae techtomarket. The basis of these models is the relationships among the artifacts of the product line. Cocomo is one of the most generally used software estimation models in the world. When you buy a product for a cheap price but the essential components that are required to make the item useful are sold at an expensive price. According to him software cost estimation should be done through three stages. They also underestimate the return on investment for product lines by focusing only on development vs.
Software product lines spls, or software product line development, refers to software engineering methods, tools and techniques for creating a collection of similar software systems from a shared set of software assets using a common means of production the carnegie mellon software engineering institute defines a software product line as a set of softwareintensive systems that share a. Combine production pressures with increasing global competition and constrained financial models, and the task of delivering a profitable product expands in epic proportions. Product costing uses the methodology of the classic overhead calculation based on a bottomup approach. In section 2, we give a short introduction to software product lines using a running example and we present an overview on important software analysis that have been applied to soft. Including pricey optional extras to offer with a low cost product or service. The cocomo constructive cost estimation model is proposed by dr. There is no one correct cost model for it product lines, as it depends on the objectives that the organization wants to achieve and its attitude toward cost accounting. The remainder of this survey is structured as follows. Various measures are used in project size estimation. They also u a software product line life cycle cost estimation model ieee conference publication. Product line engineering and software product lines researchgate, the. Zoom is the leader in modern enterprise video communications, with an easy, reliable cloud platform for video and audio conferencing, chat, and webinars across mobile, desktop, and room systems. Organizations developing a portfolio of products as a software product line are experiencing orderofmagnitude improvements in cost, time to market, staff productivity, and quality of the deployed products.
We can see here that one product line comprises leather boots. Summary in this research, we answer the question what is the correct cost model for it product lines. For example, products that are intended to be used for similar purposes or to be sold in similar types of shops. This presentation will introduce the essential activities and underlying practice areas of software product line development.
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